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Intracellular and extracellular forces drive primary cilia movement.

primary cilia are everywhere, microtubule-based organelle that plays a diverse role in sensory transduction in many eukaryotic cells. They interrogate the cellular environment through chemosensing, osmosensing, and mechanosensing using receptors and ion channels in the membrane of the cilia. Little is known about the mechanical properties and structural cilia and how these properties contribute to the perception of the cilia. 

We probed the mechanical response of the primary cilia of kidney epithelial  Human Clia Kits cells [Madin-Darby canine kidney-II (MDCK-II)], which feel the flow of fluid in the kidney tubules. We found that, in the manipulation of the optical trap, cilia Deflect by bending along their length and revolve around the effective hinge is located below the basal body. calculated bending stiffness showed weak coupling doublet microtubules. primary cilia of MDCK cell deficiency interdoublet dynein motors. 

However, we found that organelles displays active motility. 3D tracking shows the correlated fluctuations of cilia and basal bodies. Angular movements seemed random but dependent on ATP and cytoplasmic myosin-II in the cell cortex. We concluded that the generation of force by the actin cytoskeleton surrounding basal body results in an active cilia movement. We speculate that cilia movement of actin-driven tune and calibrate the power of sensory cilia function.
Intracellular and extracellular forces drive primary cilia movement.


Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is an essential n-3 PUFAs; n-3 LCPUFAs its derivatives EPA and DHA, which have a variety of beneficial effects, rare in the human diet. In recent years, non-traditional vegetable oils rich in ALA (up 45%) has been developed as a new alternative to increase the consumption of ALA. This work evaluated the increment of ALA, EPA and DHA in phospholipid extracted from erythrocytes, liver, kidney, small intestine, heart, quads and brain in rats fed sunflower (SFO), canola (CO), Rosa canina (RCO), sacha inches (Plukenetia volubilis, SIO) and chia (Salvia Hispanica, cho) oil.

Five experimental groups (n = 12 per group) were fed for 21 days with the SFO (1% ALA), CO (10% ALA), RCO (33% ALA), SIO (49% ALA) and Cho (64% ALA ). SIO https://gentaur.us/ and allowed higher Cho ALA accretion in all tissues except the brain, and the reduction of the content of arachidonic acid in all tissues except the brain. EPA increases in erythrocytes, liver, kidney, small intestine, heart and quadriceps, but not in the brain. DHA increased in the liver, small intestine and brain tissues. 

Our results indicate that ALA, when given in large amounts, can be converted into n-3 LCPUFAs, mostly DHA in the liver and brain. It is suggested that ALA rich oils, such as SIO and Cho, is a good source for obtaining higher tissue levels of ALA, also allows the selective conversion into n-3 LCPUFAs in some tissues of mice.
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